LA CALCITE DEI VICHINGHI
VIKINGS CALCITE
VIKINGS CALCITE
ITA.
Tutti noi sappiamo che i Vichinghi hanno percorso lunghe distanze in mare aperto, arrivando fino in Groenlandia e scoprendo l'America Settentrionale intorno all'anno 1000, molto prima di Cristoforo Colombo, su imbarcazioni poco agevoli e non stabili grazie alla loro grande abilità di orientamento basandosi solo sulla posizione del sole; ma la vera domanda è: come sapevano in quale direzione andare nel momento in cui il sole era oscurato da una fitta coltre di nuvole?
Alcune Saghe Islandesi raccontano di mistiche pietre, dette "Pietre del Sole" che riuscivano a far orientare i Vichinghi anche nelle condizioni climatiche più estreme, ma purtroppo non spiegano il loro funzionamento.
Si fece carico di scoprirlo un archeologo danese che nel 1969 ipotizzò che queste pietre potessero misurare la polarizzazione della luce del sole. Il fenomeno della "polarizzazione" avviene quando la luce del sole incontra un ostacolo, come una superficie lucida o un banco di nebbia, facendo assumere ai suoi raggi un particolare orientamento. Rilevarla avrebbe aiutato i Vichinghi ad orientarsi anche con il sole coperto dalle nuvole.
Recenti ricerche condotte da un team di scienziati dell'Università di Rennes hanno rivelato che queste "Pietre del Sole", queste antenate della bussola, sono realmente esistite e sono dei pezzi di calcite ottica, meglio conosciuta come Spato d'Islanda, il cui funzionamento consiste nel calcolare l'orientamento delle onde di luce lungo il percorso.
Quindi, i Vichinghi non vedevano un cielo pieno di nuvole, ma, guardando attraverso questa pietra, uno schema di anelli concentrici di luce polarizzata al centro dei quali si collocava il sole.
In altre parole, la luce che attraversa la calcite è divisa in due fasci che formano una doppia immagine sul lato più lontano; quindi, facendoci passare la luce attraverso e cambiando l'orientamento del cristallo finché le proiezioni dei raggi sono ugualmente brillanti, è possibile rilevare gli anelli concentrici della polarizzazione e,di conseguenza, la posizione del sole.
Guy Ropars, fisico all'Università di Rennes, ha condotto un esperimento su di un pezzo di Spato d'Islanda che potrebbe essere stato utilizzato dai Vichinghi, trovato a bordo della nave britannica Alderney nel 1592 e grande quasi 1 metro. Questo esperimento consisteva nell'irradiare il pezzo di cristallo rinvenuto con una luce laser in parte polarizzata e si osservò che essa, attraversando la calcite, si divise in due raggi, uno polarizzato e l'altro no; ma ruotandolo si accorse che esisteva solo un punto in cui i due raggi avevano la stessa intensità.
Così, Ropars selezionò 20 volontari chiamati per guardare, a turno, attraverso il cristallo nelle giornate in cui il cielo era nuvoloso per cercare di individuarne la posizione. Risultato: tutti riuscirono ad individuarne la posizione con un margine di errore di solo 1 grado su 360 in cui si divide la volta celeste.
Così, Ropars selezionò 20 volontari chiamati per guardare, a turno, attraverso il cristallo nelle giornate in cui il cielo era nuvoloso per cercare di individuarne la posizione. Risultato: tutti riuscirono ad individuarne la posizione con un margine di errore di solo 1 grado su 360 in cui si divide la volta celeste.
Anche se i Vichinghi non hanno tenuto conto del fatto che alle latitudini artiche la polarizzazione della luce tende a modificarsi in base alle condizioni meteorologiche, fatto dimostrato nel 2010 da un'équipe di ricercatori guidati dalla Akesson, sono riusciti comunque ad orientarsi.
Lo stesso team dell'Università di Rennes, analizzando il cristallo, ha scoperto che in origine era trasparente, a differenza di quello trovato sulla nave britannica, reso opaco dopo secoli passati sott'acqua. Si crede che sia stato utilizzato a bordo di essa per correggere eventuali errori con una bussola magnetica; in particolare al tramonto, quando il sole si immergeva sotto l'orizzonte e le stelle non erano ancora osservabili, forniva preziose informazioni inerenti alla navigazione in tali situazioni di "Blackout visivo".
Inoltre, recenti scavi hanno portato alla luce il primo frammento di questo minerale in un insediamento vichingo, prova del fatto che sono realmente esistite persone in epoca vichinga che hanno utilizzato cristalli islandesi!
1a foto: Spato d'Islanda proveniente dalla mia collezione privata.
2a foto: esemplare di Spato d'Islanda incastonato in una spugna marina, rinvenuto in un insediamento vichingo.
3a foto: autentico pezzo di Calcite ottica di 1 m. trovato sulla nave britannica Alderney.
4a foto: ricostruzione di una moderna bussola funzionante a Calcite ottica in basso nella foto (come potete vedere la luce che sbatte sul cristallo si divide in 2 parti).
1a foto: Spato d'Islanda proveniente dalla mia collezione privata.
2a foto: esemplare di Spato d'Islanda incastonato in una spugna marina, rinvenuto in un insediamento vichingo.
3a foto: autentico pezzo di Calcite ottica di 1 m. trovato sulla nave britannica Alderney.
4a foto: ricostruzione di una moderna bussola funzionante a Calcite ottica in basso nella foto (come potete vedere la luce che sbatte sul cristallo si divide in 2 parti).
ENG.
We all know that Vikings covered long distances in open sea, reaching as far as Greenland and discovering North America around the year 1000, long before Christopher Columbus. The Vikings sailed on boats which were not very manageable nor stable, yet due to their ability of orientation and only using the position of the sun as their guide. But the real question is: how did they know which was the exact direction when the sun was covered by a thick blanket of clouds?
Some Icelandic sagas narrate about mystical stones called "Sunstones" that helped Vikings to orientate themselves even in the most extreme climatic conditions, but unfortunately these sagas don't explain their function.
In 1969 a Danish archaeologist took it upon himself to find these stones and it was his belief that they could measure the polarization of sunlight. The "polarization" phenomenon occurs when sunlight bumps into an obstacle, like a shiny surface or a fog bank, giving its rays a particular orientation. Finding it would have helped the Vikings to orientate themselves even if the sun was covered by clouds. Recent research managed by a team of scientists from the University of Rennes have revealed that these "Sunstones", ancestors of the compass, actually existed and today they are optical calcites, commonly known as "Iceland Spars" (their functioning consisting in the calculation of the routes' waves of light). So, the Vikings wouldn't have seen a sky full of clouds, but, looking through the stone, they would have seen a diagram of concentric rings of polarized light and at their center there would have been the sun.
In other words, the light that goes through the calcite is divided into two beams which form a double image on the farthest side of the stone. In so doing and letting light pass through the crystal whilst changing the orientation of it till the projections of the rays are equally shiny, it is at that moment that the concentric rings will be revealed resulting in the polarization and, consequentely, revealing the position of the sun.
Guy Ropars, a physicist at the University of Rennes, conducted an experiment on a one meter long piece of Iceland Spar found in 1592 on board the Alderney, a British ship, that may have been used by the Vikings. This experiment consisted in irradiating the discovered piece of crystal with an unpolarized laser light and he observed that it divided itself into two rays, the first one was polarized and the second one was not. However, once it was rotated, he realized that there existed only one point in which the two rays had the same intensity.
So, Ropars selected 20 volunteers chosen to look through the crystal in turn during cloudy days, to try and find the position of the sun. The result was that everybody succeeded in individualizing its position with a margin of error of 1 degree above 360 in which the sky is divided.
Even if the Vikings didn't consider the fact that the polarization of the light would tend to modify itself according to metereologic conditions at the artic latitudes (a fact demonstrated by a team of researchers guided by Akesson in 2010) the Vikings were able to orientate themselves.
The same team of the University of Rennes analysed the cristal and discovered that it was transparent in origin, instead of the one found on the british ship that became opaque after all the centuries spent under the sea. It is believed that it was used on board of the ship to correct eventual mistakes with a magnetic compass; particulary at the sunset, when the sun was immerged under the horizon and the stars were not visible yet, it provided precious information about the navigation in these situations of "visual Blackout".
Moreover, recent excavations have brought to light the first splinter of this mineral in a Viking settlement proving that people who have used Icelandic cristals during the Viking age really existed!
1st. photo: Iceland Spar from my private collection.
2nd. photo: sample of Iceland Spar set in a spunge found in a Viking settlement.
3rd. photo: the real 1 meter long piece of optical Calcite found on the british ship called Alderney.
4th. photo: a rebuilding of a modern compass with optical calcite in lower part (as you can see the light flashing the cristal is splitted in two parts).
Some Icelandic sagas narrate about mystical stones called "Sunstones" that helped Vikings to orientate themselves even in the most extreme climatic conditions, but unfortunately these sagas don't explain their function.
In 1969 a Danish archaeologist took it upon himself to find these stones and it was his belief that they could measure the polarization of sunlight. The "polarization" phenomenon occurs when sunlight bumps into an obstacle, like a shiny surface or a fog bank, giving its rays a particular orientation. Finding it would have helped the Vikings to orientate themselves even if the sun was covered by clouds. Recent research managed by a team of scientists from the University of Rennes have revealed that these "Sunstones", ancestors of the compass, actually existed and today they are optical calcites, commonly known as "Iceland Spars" (their functioning consisting in the calculation of the routes' waves of light). So, the Vikings wouldn't have seen a sky full of clouds, but, looking through the stone, they would have seen a diagram of concentric rings of polarized light and at their center there would have been the sun.
In other words, the light that goes through the calcite is divided into two beams which form a double image on the farthest side of the stone. In so doing and letting light pass through the crystal whilst changing the orientation of it till the projections of the rays are equally shiny, it is at that moment that the concentric rings will be revealed resulting in the polarization and, consequentely, revealing the position of the sun.
Guy Ropars, a physicist at the University of Rennes, conducted an experiment on a one meter long piece of Iceland Spar found in 1592 on board the Alderney, a British ship, that may have been used by the Vikings. This experiment consisted in irradiating the discovered piece of crystal with an unpolarized laser light and he observed that it divided itself into two rays, the first one was polarized and the second one was not. However, once it was rotated, he realized that there existed only one point in which the two rays had the same intensity.
So, Ropars selected 20 volunteers chosen to look through the crystal in turn during cloudy days, to try and find the position of the sun. The result was that everybody succeeded in individualizing its position with a margin of error of 1 degree above 360 in which the sky is divided.
Even if the Vikings didn't consider the fact that the polarization of the light would tend to modify itself according to metereologic conditions at the artic latitudes (a fact demonstrated by a team of researchers guided by Akesson in 2010) the Vikings were able to orientate themselves.
The same team of the University of Rennes analysed the cristal and discovered that it was transparent in origin, instead of the one found on the british ship that became opaque after all the centuries spent under the sea. It is believed that it was used on board of the ship to correct eventual mistakes with a magnetic compass; particulary at the sunset, when the sun was immerged under the horizon and the stars were not visible yet, it provided precious information about the navigation in these situations of "visual Blackout".
Moreover, recent excavations have brought to light the first splinter of this mineral in a Viking settlement proving that people who have used Icelandic cristals during the Viking age really existed!
1st. photo: Iceland Spar from my private collection.
2nd. photo: sample of Iceland Spar set in a spunge found in a Viking settlement.
3rd. photo: the real 1 meter long piece of optical Calcite found on the british ship called Alderney.
4th. photo: a rebuilding of a modern compass with optical calcite in lower part (as you can see the light flashing the cristal is splitted in two parts).
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